The SAMHSA/NIDA 5

University Services has been involved in drug testing since the beginning, when drug testing became prominent in the late 1980s with the testing of certain federal employees and specified U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulated occupations.

Drug testing guidelines and processes, in these areas, are established and regulated by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), formerly under the direction of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Regulations require companies that use professional drivers, specified safety sensitive transportation and/or oil and gas related occupations, and certain federal employers to test employees for the presence of certain drugs.

• Cannabinoids (marijuana, hashish)
• Cocaine (cocaine, crack, benzoylecognine)
• Amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, speed, ecstasy)
• Opiates (heroin, opium, codeine, morphine)
• Phencyclidine (PCP)

They do not reflect all current drug usage patterns. For example, the tests do not include "synthetic opiates," such as oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone.

While SAMHSA guidelines only allow laboratories to report results for their official NIDA tests, many drug testing labs and on-site tests also offer a wider set of drug menus.

These tests can include:

• Barbiturates (Butalbital, Phenobarbital)
• Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, Klonopin, Restoril)
• Fentanyl (Duragesic)
• Meperidine (Demerol)
• Methadone and
• Methaqualone
• Propoxyphene (Darvocet)
• Synthetic opiates (oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone)

Hallucinogens other than cannabis and PCP are rarely tested for and can include mushrooms (psilocybin), LSD, and peyote (mescaline).

Once a drug screen is positive, a confirmation test is usually done by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS).