Benzodiazepenes

Photo courtesy of DEA photo library

Definition
Benzodiazepines are sedative-hypnotic drugs that have the ability to reduce anxiety or induce sleep. They are frequently prescribed by physicians in the U.S. for these conditions as well as for the treatment of seizure disorders, withdrawal symptoms from narcotics, and for use as pre-operative sedation. Valium, one of the most common benzodiazepine, is a potent skeletal muscle relaxant and can be prescribed for painful musculoskeletal conditions that involve muscle spasm. The drugs are very useful for many different conditions, however, they have a high potential for abuse.

Examples
Ativan (Lorazepam), Valium (Diazepam), Librium (Chlordiazepoxide), Restoril (Temazepam), Xanax (Alprazolam)

Usage
Benzodiazepenes are available as tablets and injectables.

Effects
Side effects may include low blood pressure, abnormal gait, difficulty urinating, visual disturbances, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, excessive sweating, depressed mood, and nausea and vomiting. The elderly are more susceptible to adverse side effects.

Detection
Benzodiazepines can be detected in urine and hair. The test results can be very detailed and reports can include specific metabolites.

Law
Benzodiazepines are among the most widely prescribed medications in the United States. They have been subject to increasing control through legislation because of their high abuse potential.